Basalt. It’s the fine grained igneous rock that makes up the sea floor and sometimes spews forth from volcanoes on the continents. End of story right? Wrong! That black rock sample I remember sitting in my classroom draw was interesting but it was about to become a whole lot more interesting when I first visited Hawaii back in the 1980’s.
Basalt is quite a common rock on Earth. It makes up all the ocean floors as well as some huge areas of some of the continents. It is a dark fine grained rock made up of the minerals olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase feldspars (notice…no quartz). Almost always these minerals are too fine grained to be seen with the naked eye. However sometimes Olivine can be seen as small sand-sized grains of olive-green glass in the specimen.
At other times larger crystals of plagioclase feldspar can be seen.
But on an active basaltic volcano, basalt can look very different from what most of us have seen in our classroom samples. Basalt can be glassy black with amazing irredescence. It can be bright red. It can also be rough chocolate brown. Basalt can be solid or full of gas bubbles. It can be little tear shaped pieces (called Pele’s Tears) or thin drawn out glass fibers (called Pele’s Hair). It can look like rope or even intestines!
Ropey pahoehoe basalt flow
Dark grey pahoehoe flow over chocolate brown aa flow – all basalt of approximately the same age.
Basalt cinder from a fire fountain
Red colors of basalt from close to vent
A delicate form of basalt froth – Reticulite
All this variation is due to the way the basalt has been erupted onto the Earth’s surface. So while it is all the same rock type chemically, it’s appearance can be so varied.
Want to discover all this and more about basalt? Why not join us on our Discover Hawaii Adventure.
Nice overview. However, I would not include amphibole among the typical minerals in basalts. That would be more typical of andesites. And, aside from mineralogy, much of this applies to the other major types of volcanic rock. 🙂
Thanks Bruce. I will recheck my text and adjust. I really would like it to be accurate for teachers.
The second photo looks more like rhyolite instead of basalt. Rhyolite would be more likely with those nice plagioclase phenocrysts. Where are those rocks from?
I agree they don’t look like a typical basalt, but they all are. They are all from the Big Island, Hawaii.
Hi I live in forest falls Ca. I have found 8 peaces of basalt. All exhibit magnetic property with my compass. Under the microscope I have found beatful brown glass beads and crystal formations. My question is Where did it come from as I can’t find any evidence of flow and there are no near by valcanos. Any ideas or has anyone near me found any samples
James,
Forest Falls is in a zone of moderate geological activity. Although most of the rocks of local origin tend to be very old metamorphic rocks with no occurrence of volcanic basalt, your town lies along Mill Creek, which has likely brought a variety of different types of rock downstream to your area. The best bet would be to get your hands on a geologic map of the area and examine the mapped rock units upstream along Mill Creek. Don’t neglect tributaries feeding into the creek and also pay attention to the rock units up above the edges of the stream valley. Given California’s incredible variety of geology, you’re bound to find one or more potential sources for your basalt samples. Good Luck!!
I grew up in the Pacific northwest, surrounded by basalt from the boring volcanic field. Why is that basalt so uniform and basic rock looking, while the Hawaiian basalt looks so much like lava? Is it just the length of time has been longer since the eruption in the PNW?
Also, I understand that different types of eruptions make different types of rocks but why would a volcanic physical process create red basalt if it is composed of the same minerals as the other basalts surrounding it?
I have a few questions if you are still taking them. Thanks!
Sure thing…ask away!
I’ve got a large type of lava rock I found 20 years ago in Edmonton Alberta, around 22’ down in an old river bed layer of cobbles right on top of the bedrock layer. Found it while digging foundations for a bridge. It well over a foot squared in size and has tons of neat qualities, different colours, molten spots, and even smaller rocks embedded in it. Is this at all unique or rare.
Love to see some photos…but from what you describe, this is not rare of unique.